String Concatenation and Formatting

What is String Concatenation?

String concatenation means combining multiple strings together to create a longer string.

There are several ways to combine strings in Python, each with its own advantages and use cases.

Example:

first_name = "Alice"
last_name = "Smith"
# With '+' operator
print(first_name + " " + last_name ) # Output: Alice Smith
# With ','
print(first_name, last_name)
# With f-string
print(f"{first_name} {last_name}") # Output: Alice Smith

Try it:

first_name = "Alice" last_name = "Smith" # With '+' operator print(first_name + " " + last_name ) # Output: Alice Smith # With ',' print(first_name, last_name) # With f-string print(f"{first_name} {last_name}") # Output: Alice Smith

Method 1: The `+` Operator (String Addition)

The + symbol “adds” strings together.

# Basic concatenation
greeting = "Hello" + " " + "World"
print(greeting)  # Output: Hello World

# With variables
first_name = "Bob"
message = "Welcome, " + first_name + "!"
print(message)  # Output: Welcome, Bob!

# Multiple concatenations
app_name = "Games"
version = "1.0"
title = app_name + " App " + "v" + version
print(title)  # Output: Games App v1.0

Try it:

# Basic concatenation greeting = "Hello" + " " + "World" print(greeting) # Output: Hello World # With variables first_name = "Bob" message = "Welcome, " + first_name + "!" print(message) # Output: Welcome, Bob! # Multiple concatenations app_name = "Games" version = "1.0" title = app_name + " App " + "v" + version print(title) # Output: Games App v1.0

Points to note

You need to explicitly add spaces, e.g.:

message = "I am " + name + " and my first language is " + first_language"

You can only use + to concatenate strings when everything you want to concatenate is a string. For example, this will not work because version is a float:

app_name = "Flashcard"
version = 1.0
title = app_name + " App " + "v" + version # Output: TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "float") to str

Limitations:

Can get messy with many variables
Must convert numbers to strings first
Hard to read with complex combinations

❌ Common Mistake:

name = "Alice"
age = 25

# This will cause an error!
message = "I am " + name + " and I am " + age + " years old"
# TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str

# Fix by converting numbers to strings:
message = "I am " + name + " and I am " + str(age) + " years old"

Method 2: The `,` separator in `print()`

How it works: Use commas in print() to display multiple values with automatic spacing.

# Basic usage
print("Hello", "World")  # Output: Hello World

# With variables
name = "Charlie"
age = 30
print("My name is", name, "and I am", age, "years old")
# Output: My name is Charlie and I am 30 years old

# Multiple types automatically handled
score = 95
total = 100
print("You scored", score, "out of", total, "points!")
# Output: You scored 95 out of 100 points!

# Basic usage print("Hello", "World") # Output: Hello World # With variables name = "Charlie" age = 30 print("My name is", name, "and I am", age, "years old") # Output: My name is Charlie and I am 30 years old # Multiple types automatically handled score = 95 total = 100 print("You scored", score, "out of", total, "points!") # Output: You scored 95 out of 100 points!

Points to note

Automatically handles different data types (no str() needed)
Adds spaces between items automatically

Limitations:

Only works with print() - can’t save result to a variable
Always adds spaces (can’t control spacing precisely)
Limited formatting options

Customizing the separator:

# Change the separator
print("apple", "banana", "cherry", sep=", ")
# Output: apple, banana, cherry

print("2024", "12", "25", sep="-")
# Output: 2024-12-25

# Remove separator entirely
print("Hello", "World", sep="")
# Output: HelloWorld

Method 3: F-Strings (Formatted String Literals)

How it works: Put an f before your string and use {} as placeholders for variables.

# Basic f-string
name = "Diana"
message = f"Hello, {name}!"
print(message)  # Output: Hello, Diana!

# Multiple variables
first_name = "John"
last_name = "Doe"
age = 28
introduction = f"My name is {first_name} {last_name} and I am {age} years old."
print(introduction)
# Output: My name is John Doe and I am 28 years old.

Try it:

# Basic f-string name = "Diana" message = f"Hello, {name}!" print(message) # Output: Hello, Diana! # Multiple variables first_name = "John" last_name = "Doe" age = 28 introduction = f"My name is {first_name} {last_name} and I am {age} years old." print(introduction) # Output: My name is John Doe and I am 28 years old.

Advanced f-String Features:

1. Expressions inside braces:

length = 10
width = 5
print(f"The area is {length * width} square units")
# Output: The area is 50 square units

score = 85
total = 100
print(f"You got {score/total*100}% correct!")
# Output: You got 85.0% correct!

Try it:

length = 10 width = 5 print(f"The area is {length * width} square units") score = 85 total = 100 print(f"You got {score/total*100}% correct!")

2. Number formatting:

Decimal places

E.g.

price = 19.99
print(f"The price is ${price:.2f}")  # 2 decimal places
# Output: The price is $19.99

{price:.2f} formats price to 2 decimal places
The f means “float” (decimal number)

Try it:

length = 10 width = 5 print(f"The area is {length * width} square units") score = 85 total = 100 print(f"You got {score/total*100}% correct!")

Percentages

E.g.

score = 0.875
print(f"Success rate: {score:.1%}")  # As percentage
# Output: Success rate: 87.5%

{score:.1%} formats score to a percentage with one decimal place
the % symbol means percentage

Try it:

score = 0.875 print(f"Success rate: {score:.1%}")

Separators in large numbers

E.g.

population = 1234567
print(f"Population: {population:,}")  # Add commas
# Output: Population: 1,234,567

{population:,} formats population to a comma-split number
the , symbol indicates that it should be displayed with the comma-splits

Try it:

population = 1234567 print(f"Population: {population:,}")

3. Method calls and complex expressions:

name = "alice"
print(f"Hello, {name.title()}!")  # Capitalize first letter
# Output: Hello, Alice!

items = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(f"We have {len(items)} items: {', '.join(items)}")
# Output: We have 3 items: apple, banana, cherry

Try it:

name = "alice" print(f"Hello, {name.title()}!") # Capitalize first letter items = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] print(f"We have {len(items)} items: {', '.join(items)}")

Points to note:

Handles all data types automatically
Supports expressions and method calls
Powerful formatting options

❌ Disadvantages:

Slightly more advanced concept for absolute beginners
Requires Python 3.6+ (but this is standard now)

Worked example

The code needs to print out the name of the app and the number of users it has as given by the variables app_name and num_users:

# Given data
app_name = "Games app"
num_users = 200

Output:

Games app with 200 users.

Using `+` operator:

message = (app_name + " with " str(num_users) " users.")
print(message)
# Output: Games app with 200 users.

Using `,` in print:

print(app_name, "with", num_users, "users.")
# Output: Games app with 200 users.

Using f-strings:

message = (f"{app_name} with {num_users}")
print(message)
# Output: Games app with 200 users.

Best practices and style guidelines

1. Consistency is key

Pick one method for your project and stick with it:

# ❌ Inconsistent - hard to read
print("Hello,", name)
message = "Your score is " + str(score) + " points"
result = f"Final result: {total_score}"

# ✅ Consistent - much cleaner
print(f"Hello, {name}")
message = f"Your score is {score} points"
result = f"Final result: {total_score}"

2. Use f-Strings for complex formatting

# ✅ F-strings shine with complex data
student_data = {
    "name": "Emma",
    "scores": [85, 92, 78, 95],
    "grade_level": 10
}

report = f"""
Student Report for {student_data['name']}
Grade Level: {student_data['grade_level']}
Average Score: {sum(student_data['scores'])/len(student_data['scores']):.1f}
Best Score: {max(student_data['scores'])}
Total Assignments: {len(student_data['scores'])}
"""

3. Break Long Lines for Readability 📏

# ❌ Too long - hard to read
message = f"Congratulations {student_name}! You completed {total_exercises} exercises with {correct_answers} correct answers, achieving a {(correct_answers/total_exercises)*100:.1f}% success rate!"

# ✅ Broken into readable chunks
message = (f"Congratulations {student_name}! "
           f"You completed {total_exercises} exercises with {correct_answers} correct answers, "
           f"achieving a {(correct_answers/total_exercises)*100:.1f}% success rate!")

When to Use Each Method

Use `+` operator when:

You’re just starting to learn and want something simple
You’re concatenating just 2-3 simple strings
You need to build strings piece by piece in a loop

# Building a string in a loop
result = ""
for i in range(1, 4):
    result = result + str(i) + " "
print(result)  # Output: 1 2 3 

Use `,` in `print()` when:

You want quick output for debugging
You have simple messages with mixed data types
You don’t need to save the result to a variable

# Quick debugging output
x = 10
y = 20
print("Debug:", x, y, x+y)  # Quick and easy

Use f-strings when:

You want clean, professional code (most of the time!)
You need to format numbers or data
You’re building complex messages
You want the most readable code

# Professional, clean code
user_data = {
    "name": "Alex",
    "progress": 0.85,
    "level": 7
}

status = f"Welcome {user_data['name']}! You're {user_data['progress']:.1%} complete at level {user_data['level']}."
print(status)
# Output: Welcome Alex! You're 85.0% complete at level 7.

Quick reference

Method	Syntax	Best For	Example
`+` operator	`"text" + variable + "text"`	Simple concatenation	`"Hello " + name`
`,` in print	`print("text", variable, "text")`	Quick output, debugging	`print("Score:", score)`
F-strings	`f"text {variable} text"`	Professional code, formatting	`f"Hello {name}!"`

String Concatenation and Formatting

What is String Concatenation?

Method 1: The + Operator (String Addition)

Points to note

Limitations:

❌ Common Mistake:

Method 2: The , separator in print()

Points to note

Limitations:

Customizing the separator:

Method 3: F-Strings (Formatted String Literals)

Advanced f-String Features:

1. Expressions inside braces:

2. Number formatting:

Decimal places

Percentages

Separators in large numbers

3. Method calls and complex expressions:

Points to note:

❌ Disadvantages:

Worked example

Using + operator:

Using , in print:

Using f-strings:

Best practices and style guidelines

1. Consistency is key

2. Use f-Strings for complex formatting

3. Break Long Lines for Readability 📏

When to Use Each Method

Use + operator when:

Use , in print() when:

Use f-strings when:

Quick reference

Method 1: The `+` Operator (String Addition)

Method 2: The `,` separator in `print()`

Using `+` operator:

Using `,` in print:

Use `+` operator when:

Use `,` in `print()` when: